Increasing amplifier bandwidth by positive capacitive feedback

ABSTRACT

An amplifier circuit includes a first amplifier having an input and an output, and a second amplifier having an input that communicates with the output of the first amplifier, and an output. The amplifier circuit includes a first capacitance that communicates with the input of the first amplifier and the output of the second amplifier. The amplifier circuit includes a third amplifier having an input that communicates with the output of the second amplifier, and an output. The amplifier circuit includes a second capacitance that communicates with the output of the third amplifier and the input of the second amplifier.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/692,072, filed on Jun. 20, 2005. The disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to amplifiers, and more particularly to increasing bandwidth of amplifiers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Operational amplifiers (Op-amps) are often used in signal processing applications such as filter circuits, amplifier circuits etc. Referring now to FIGS. 1A-1C, an op-amp 10 has an inverting input 12, a non-inverting input 14, and an output 16. Op-amps may be used as inverters. In FIG. 1B, an electrical schematic of an op-amp 20 in a typical inverter configuration is shown. In an inverter, an input signal is applied to the inverting input of the op-amp. A phase of the output of the inverter is 180 degrees out of phase with respect to the input to the inverter. Resistors R₁ and R₂ determine a gain of the inverter 20. For example, an inverter is called a unity gain amplifier when R₁=R₂. In FIG. 1C, a symbol 24 used to represent an inverter in a circuit diagram is shown.

Referring now to FIG. 1D, a frequency response of an amplifier shows a graph of the gain of the amplifier as a function of the frequency of the input signal. A range of input signal frequencies that an amplifier can amplify at or above a predetermined gain is called the bandwidth of the amplifier. The gain bandwidth product of an op-amp is typically constant. Thus, the bandwidth of an op-amp is inversely proportional to the gain of the op-amp.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An amplifier circuit comprises a first amplifier having an input and an output, and a second amplifier having an input that communicates with the output of the first amplifier, and an output. The amplifier circuit further comprises a first capacitance that communicates with the input of the first amplifier and the output of the second amplifier. The amplifier circuit further comprises a third amplifier having an input that communicates with the output of the second amplifier, and an output. The amplifier circuit further comprises a second capacitance that communicates with the output of the third amplifier and the input of the second amplifier.

In another feature, the amplifier circuit further comprises a resistance that communicates with the output of the third amplifier and the input of the first amplifier.

In another feature, a multistage amplifier circuit comprises N cascaded stages of the amplifier circuit, where N is an integer greater than 1.

In another feature, a multistage amplifier circuit comprises N cascaded stages of the amplifier circuit that includes the resistance, where N is an integer greater than 1.

In another feature, a differential amplifier circuit comprises a first amplifier circuit and a second amplifier circuit, wherein the input of the first amplifier of the first amplifier circuit is out of phase with respect to the input of the first amplifier of the second amplifier circuit. In still other features, a multistage differential amplifier circuit comprises M cascaded stages of the differential amplifier circuit, wherein M is an integer greater than 1.

In another feature, a differential amplifier circuit comprises a first amplifier circuit that includes the resistance and a second amplifier circuit that includes the resistance, wherein the input of the first amplifier of the first amplifier circuit is out of phase with respect to the input of the first amplifier of the second amplifier circuit. In still other features, a multistage differential amplifier circuit comprises M cascaded stages of the differential amplifier circuit that includes the resistance, wherein M is an integer greater than 1.

In another feature, at least one of the first amplifier, the second amplifier, and the third amplifier is an inverting amplifier. Is still other features, at least one of the first amplifier, the second amplifier, and the third amplifier is a transimpedance amplifier.

Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A shows an operational amplifier (op-amp) according to the prior art;

FIG. 1B shows an electrical schematic of an op-amp in an inverter configuration according to the prior art;

FIG. 1C shows a symbol for an inverter according to the prior art;

FIG. 1D shows a graph of gain of an op-amp as a function of input frequency according to the prior art;

FIG. 2A shows an electrical schematic of a single-ended cascaded amplifier with feedback according to the present invention;

FIG. 2B shows a graph of gain of the cascaded amplifier with feedback as a function of input frequency according to the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows an electrical schematic of a differential cascaded amplifier with feedback according to the present invention;

FIG. 4A is a functional block diagram of a hard disk drive;

FIG. 4B is a functional block diagram of a digital versatile disk (DVD);

FIG. 4C is a functional block diagram of a high definition television;

FIG. 4D is a functional block diagram of a vehicle control system;

FIG. 4E is a functional block diagram of a cellular phone;

FIG. 4F is a functional block diagram of a set top box; and

FIG. 4G is a functional block diagram of a media player.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the term module, circuit and/or device refers to an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality. As used herein, the phrase at least one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or B or C), using a non-exclusive logical or. It should be understood that steps within a method may be executed in different order without altering the principles of the present invention.

Bandwidth of an amplifier may be increased by lowering the lower cut-off frequency and/or increasing the upper cut-off frequency. Increasing the input impedance of an amplifier, feeding back the output of an amplifier to the input of the amplifier, and other techniques may be used to improve the frequency response and bandwidth of an amplifier. For example, increasing the input impedance of an amplifier lowers the low frequency cut-off of the amplifier and thus improves the frequency response of the amplifier at low frequencies.

Different feedback configurations are used in circuits that utilize op-amps. Generally, the feedback configurations may be classified into two categories: negative feedback and positive feedback. In a negative feedback configuration, the output of an op-amp is fed back to the inverting input of the op-amp. In a positive feedback configuration, a part of the output of an op-amp is fed back to the non-inverting input of the op-amp. Negative feedback tends to stabilize an amplifier while positive feedback tends to saturate an amplifier. The feedback circuit may comprise a resistor, a capacitor, or another amplifier. When an amplifier is used in a feedback circuit, the feedback circuit is called a nested feedback stage.

Amplifiers may be cascaded or connected in series to increase the gain and/or bandwidth of a cascaded amplifier. In a cascade configuration, each cascaded amplifier circuit is called a stage, and an output of one stage is fed to an input of a next stage.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A and 2B, a system 50 for increasing bandwidth of an amplifier is shown. Amplifiers A₁, A₂, and A₃ are connected in a single-ended cascaded amplifier configuration. Amplifiers A₁, A₂, and A₃ are inverting amplifiers. That is, an output of the amplifier A₁ is out of phase with respect to an input of the amplifier A₁, and so on. Alternatively, amplifiers A₁, A₂, and A₃ may be transimpedance amplifiers. Capacitors C₁, C₂, and C₃ represent the input capacitances or the parasitic capacitances of the amplifiers A₁, A₂, and A₃ respectively. V_(in) represents an input signal. The frequency of the input signal V_(in) is called input frequency and may vary.

The capacitor C_(f1) is a feedback capacitor that feeds back an output 60 of the amplifier A₂ to an input 54 of the amplifier A₁. The capacitor C_(f2) is a feedback capacitor that feeds back an output 62 of the amplifier A₃ to an input 58 of the amplifier A₂. The resistor R_(f1) is a feedback resistor that feeds back the output 62 of the amplifier A₃ to the input 54 of the amplifier A₁. The feedback capacitors C_(f1) and C_(f2) provide positive feedback, and the feedback resistor R_(f1) provides negative feedback. FIG. 2B shows a frequency response that is a graph of gain of the single ended cascaded amplifier as a function of the input frequency.

The input signal V_(in) supplies a current I₁ to the input 54 of the amplifier A₁. The feedback capacitor C_(f1) supplies a current I_(f1) to the input 54 of the amplifier A₁. Thus, an input current I_(i1) that is supplied to the input 54 of the amplifier A₁ is a sum of the currents I₁ and I_(f1). Thus, I_(i1)=I₁+I_(f1).

If the feedback capacitor C_(f1) is absent, the feedback current I_(f1) is zero, and the input current I_(i1) is the same as the current I₁. As the input frequency of the input signal V_(in) increases, the impedence of the capacitor C₁, 1/jwC₁, decreases. Consequently, more AC current flows to ground through the capacitor C₁ as shown by a dotted arrow 52 in FIG. 2A. As the input frequency of the input signal V_(in) exceeds a frequency f₁, the effective current I_(i1) decreases. This capacitive loading due to the capacitor C1 causes the output 56 of the amplifier A₁ to decrease at input frequencies greater than f₁.

Thus, the input signals of frequencies greater than f₁ are not amplified at the designed gain of the amplifier resulting in a drop in the bandwidth of the amplifier as shown in FIG. 2B. The frequency f₁ is called an upper cut-off frequency of the amplifier A1. Generally, the capacitive loading due to the capacitor C₁ is more than the capacitive loading due to the capacitors C₂ and C₃ because the capacitor C₁ is directly coupled to the source of input signal V_(in).

When the feedback capacitor C_(f1) is present, the decrease in the effective current I_(i1) at frequencies greater than f₁ is compensated by the feedback current I_(f1) supplied by the feedback capacitor C_(f1). Thus, at input frequencies greater than f₁, the current I_(i1) does not decrease. Consequently, the output of the amplifier A₁ does not decrease at and above the frequency f₁. Thus, the input signals of frequency f₁ and above are amplified at the designed gain of the amplifier.

The output 56, of the amplifier A₁ now begins to decrease at a frequency f₂ instead of f₁, where f₂ is greater than f₁, as shown in FIG. 2B. Thus, effectively, the upper cut-off frequency of the cascaded amplifier is increased from f₁ to f₂ by adding the feedback capacitor C_(f1). The value of C_(f1) determines the magnitude of increase in the upper cut-off frequency, (f₂−f₁).

The output 60 of the amplifier A₂ is in phase with the input 54 of the amplifier A₁. Since the capacitor C_(f1) feeds back the current I_(f1) from the output 60 of the amplifier A₂ to the input 54 of the amplifier A₁, the current I_(f1) is in phase with the currents I₁ and I_(i1) that are input to the amplifier A₁. Therefore, the feedback provided by the feedback capacitor C_(f1) constitutes a positive feedback.

Similarly, the feedback capacitor C_(f2) provides a positive feedback from the output 62 of the amplifier A₃ to the input 58 of the amplifier A₂. This feedback further increases the upper cut-off frequency of the cascaded amplifier from f₂ to f₃ as shown in FIG. 2B. The value of C_(f2) determines the magnitude of increase in the upper cut-off frequency, (f₃−f₂). Generally, adding the feedback capacitor C_(f1) may increase the load of the amplifier A₂ and may decrease the bandwidth of the amplifier A₂. Adding the feedback capacitor C_(f2), however, helps in boosting the upper cut-off frequency and the bandwidth of the amplifier A2.

As can be appreciated, by cascading more inverting amplifiers in increments of two and by adding feedback capacitors between the outputs and inputs of every two successive amplifiers, the upper cut-off frequency of the cascaded amplifier can be increased. Consequently, the high-frequency response and the bandwidth of the cascaded amplifier can be increased.

The positive feedback provided by the capacitors C_(f1) and C_(f2), however, increases the gain of the cascaded amplifier. This can make the cascaded amplifier unstable. The instability may compound as more pairs of amplifiers and feedback capacitors are cascaded. A negative feedback can help maintain the gain of the cascaded amplifier relatively constant.

The phase of the output 62 of the amplifier A₃ is 180 degrees opposite of the phase of the input 54 of the amplifier A₁. A feedback resistor R_(f1) is added between the output 62 of the amplifier A₃ and the input 54 of the amplifier A₁ to provide a negative feedback. The feedback resistor R_(f1) feeds back a current I_(f3) from the output 62 of the amplifier A₃ to the input 54 of the amplifier A₁. The input current I_(i1) is now a sum of the currents I₁, I_(f1), and I_(f3). Thus, I_(i1)=I₁+I_(f1)+I_(f3).

Since the current I_(f3) is 180 degrees out of phase compared to the phase of the currents I₁ and I_(f1), the current I_(f3) reduces the increase in gain resulting due to the current I_(f1). This stabilizes the cascaded amplifier. The magnitude of the reduction in the gain of the amplifier due to the current I_(f3) depends on the value of the resistor R_(f1). Thus, by cascading inverting amplifiers in increments of three and by using a combination of positive and negative feedback, the bandwidth of the cascaded amplifier can be increased while maintaining gain relatively constant.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a differential configuration of a cascaded amplifier is shown. The differential configuration includes two cascaded amplifier configurations similar to the cascaded amplifier configuration of FIG. 2A. The first cascaded amplifier configuration includes circuit elements with the same reference characters as that provided in FIG. 2A. The second cascaded amplifier configuration includes circuit elements with primed reference characters. For example, the first amplifier of the second cascaded amplifier configuration is designated with a reference character A′₁. The differential configuration uses positive and negative feedback similar to the single-ended configuration shown in FIG. 2A. In the differential configuration, however, the inputs 54 and 64 are not in phase. Consequently, the outputs 62 and 72 are not in phase. The bandwidth of the differential amplifier is increased essentially in the same manner as in the single-ended configuration.

Alternatively, positive feedback can be obtained by cross-coupling positive and negative paths. For example, the feedback capacitor C_(f1) in the positive feedback path can be connected to node 72 instead of node 60, and the feedback capacitor C_(f2) can be connected to node 70 instead of node 62. Multiple stages of the differential configuration may be cascaded.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4G, various exemplary implementations of the present invention are shown. Referring now to FIG. 4A, the present invention can be implemented in a hard disk drive 400. The present invention may be implemented in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits and/or a power supply 403, which are generally identified in FIG. 4A at 402. In some implementations, the signal processing and/or control circuit 402 and/or other circuits (not shown) in the HDD 400 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, and/or format data that is output to and/or received from a magnetic storage medium 406.

The HDD 400 may communicate with a host device (not shown) such as a computer, mobile computing devices such as personal digital assistants, cellular phones, media or MP3 players and the like, and/or other devices via one or more wired or wireless communication links 408. The HDD 400 may be connected to memory 409 such as random access memory (RAM), low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory, read only memory (ROM) and/or other suitable electronic data storage.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, the present invention can be implemented in a digital versatile disc (DVD) drive 410. The present invention may be implemented in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 4B at 412, mass data storage of the DVD drive 410 and/or a power supply 413. The signal processing and/or control circuit 412 and/or other circuits (not shown) in the DVD 410 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, and/or format data that is read from and/or data written to an optical storage medium 416. In some implementations, the signal processing and/or control circuit 412 and/or other circuits (not shown) in the DVD 410 can also perform other functions such as encoding and/or decoding and/or any other signal processing functions associated with a DVD drive.

The DVD drive 410 may communicate with an output device (not shown) such as a computer, television or other device via one or more wired or wireless communication links 417. The DVD 410 may communicate with mass data storage 418 that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. The mass data storage 418 may include a hard disk drive (HDD). The HDD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4A. The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. The DVD 410 may be connected to memory 419 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage.

Referring now to FIG. 4C, the present invention can be implemented in a high definition television (HDTV) 420. The present invention may be implemented in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 4C at 422, a WLAN interface, mass data storage of the HDTV 420 and/or a power supply 423. The HDTV 420 receives HDTV input signals in either a wired or wireless format and generates HDTV output signals for a display 426. In some implementations, signal processing circuit and/or control circuit 422 and/or other circuits (not shown) of the HDTV 420 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other type of HDTV processing that may be required.

The HDTV 420 may communicate with mass data storage 427 that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4A and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4B. The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. The HDTV 420 may be connected to memory 428 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. The HDTV 420 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface 429.

Referring now to FIG. 4D, the present invention may be implemented in a control system of a vehicle 430, a WLAN interface, mass data storage of the vehicle control system and/or a power supply 433. In some implementations, the present invention implement a powertrain control system 432 that receives inputs from one or more sensors 436 such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, rotational sensors, airflow sensors and/or any other suitable sensors and/or that generates one or more output control signals 438 such as engine operating parameters, transmission operating parameters, and/or other control signals.

The present invention may also be implemented in other control systems 440 of the vehicle 430. The control system 440 may likewise receive signals from input sensors 442 and/or output control signals to one or more output devices 444. In some implementations, the control system 440 may be part of an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a navigation system, a telematics system, a vehicle telematics system, a lane departure system, an adaptive cruise control system, a vehicle entertainment system such as a stereo, DVD, compact disc and the like. Still other implementations are contemplated.

The powertrain control system 432 may communicate with mass data storage 446 that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. The mass data storage 446 may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4A and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4B. The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. The powertrain control system 432 may be connected to memory 447 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. The powertrain control system 432 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface 448. The control system 440 may also include mass data storage, memory and/or a WLAN interface (all not shown).

Referring now to FIG. 4E, the present invention can be implemented in a cellular phone 450 that may include a cellular antenna 451. The present invention may be implemented in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 4E at 452, a WLAN interface, mass data storage of the cellular phone 450 and/or a power supply 453. In some implementations, the cellular phone 450 includes a microphone 456, an audio output 458 such as a speaker and/or audio output jack, a display 460 and/or an input device 462 such as a keypad, pointing device, voice actuation and/or other input device. The signal processing and/or control circuits 452 and/or other circuits (not shown) in the cellular phone 450 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform other cellular phone functions.

The cellular phone 450 may communicate with mass data storage 464 that stores data in a nonvolatile manner such as optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4A and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4B. The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. The cellular phone 450 may be connected to memory 466 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. The cellular phone 450 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface 468.

Referring now to FIG. 4F, the present invention can be implemented in a set top box 480. The present invention may be implemented in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 4F at 484, a WLAN interface, mass data storage of the set top box 480 and/or a power supply 483. The set top box 480 receives signals from a source such as a broadband source and outputs standard and/or high definition audio/video signals suitable for a display 488 such as a television and/or monitor and/or other video and/or audio output devices. The signal processing and/or control circuits 484 and/or other circuits (not shown) of the set top box 480 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other set top box function.

The set top box 480 may communicate with mass data storage 490 that stores data in a nonvolatile manner. The mass data storage 490 may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4A and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4B. The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. The set top box 480 may be connected to memory 494 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. The set top box 480 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface 496.

Referring now to FIG. 4G, the present invention can be implemented in a media player 500. The present invention may be implemented in either or both signal processing and/or control circuits, which are generally identified in FIG. 4G at 504, a WLAN interface, mass data storage of the media player 500 and/or a power supply 513. In some implementations, the media player 500 includes a display 507 and/or a user input 508 such as a keypad, touchpad and the like. In some implementations, the media player 500 may employ a graphical user interface (GUI) that typically employs menus, drop down menus, icons and/or a point-and-click interface via the display 507 and/or user input 508. The media player 500 further includes an audio output 509 such as a speaker and/or audio output jack. The signal processing and/or control circuits 504 and/or other circuits (not shown) of the media player 500 may process data, perform coding and/or encryption, perform calculations, format data and/or perform any other media player function.

The media player 500 may communicate with mass data storage 510 that stores data such as compressed audio and/or video content in a nonvolatile manner. In some implementations, the compressed audio files include files that are compliant with MP3 format or other suitable compressed audio and/or video formats. The mass data storage may include optical and/or magnetic storage devices for example hard disk drives HDD and/or DVDs. At least one HDD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4A and/or at least one DVD may have the configuration shown in FIG. 4B. The HDD may be a mini HDD that includes one or more platters having a diameter that is smaller than approximately 1.8″. The media player 500 may be connected to memory 514 such as RAM, ROM, low latency nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or other suitable electronic data storage. The media player 500 also may support connections with a WLAN via a WLAN network interface 516. Still other implementations in addition to those described above are contemplated.

Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification and the following claims. 

1. An amplifier circuit, comprising: a first amplifier having an input and an output; a second amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier, and an output; a first capacitance that communicates with said input of said first amplifier and said output of said second amplifier; a third amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier, and an output; and a second capacitance that communicates with said output of said third amplifier and said input of said second amplifier, wherein at least one of said first capacitance and said second capacitance includes a continuous time processing capacitance.
 2. An amplifier circuit, comprising: a first amplifier having an input and an output; a second amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier, and an output; a first capacitance that communicates with said input of said first amplifier and said output of said second amplifier; a third amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier, and an output; a second capacitance that communicates with said output of said third amplifier and said input of said second amplifier; and a resistance that communicates with said output of said third amplifier and said input of said first amplifier.
 3. A multistage amplifier circuit comprising N cascaded stages of an amplifier circuit, where N is an integer greater than 1 and wherein said amplifier circuit comprises: a first amplifier having an input and an output; a second amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier, and an output; a first capacitance that communicates with said input of said first amplifier and said output of said second amplifier; a third amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier, and an output; and a second capacitance that communicates with said output of said third amplifier and said input of said second amplifier.
 4. A multistage amplifier circuit comprising N cascaded stages of amplifier circuit of claim 2, where N is an integer greater than
 1. 5. A differential amplifier circuit comprising first and second amplifier circuits, wherein each of said first and second amplifier circuits comprise: a first amplifier having an input and an output; a second amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier, and an output; a first capacitance that communicates with said input of said first amplifier and said output of said second amplifier; a third amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier, and an output; and a second capacitance that communicates with said output of said third amplifier and said input of said second amplifier, wherein said input of said first amplifier of said first amplifier circuit is out of phase with respect to said input of said first amplifier of said second amplifier circuit.
 6. A differential amplifier circuit comprising a first amplifier circuit that includes the amplifier circuit of claim 2 and a second amplifier circuit that includes the amplifier circuit of claim 2, wherein said input of said first amplifier of said first amplifier circuit is out of phase with respect to said input of said first amplifier of said second amplifier circuit.
 7. A multistage differential amplifier circuit comprising M cascaded stages of said differential amplifier circuit of claim 5, where M is an integer greater than
 1. 8. A multistage differential amplifier circuit comprising M cascaded stages of said differential amplifier circuit of claim 6, where M is an integer greater than
 1. 9. An amplifier circuit, comprising: a first amplifier having an input and an output; a second amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier, and an output; a first capacitance that communicates with said input of said first amplifier and said output of said second amplifier; a third amplifier having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier, and an output; and a second capacitance that communicates with said output of said third amplifier and said input of said second amplifier, wherein at least one of said first amplifier, said second amplifier, and said third amplifier is a transimpedance amplifier.
 10. An amplifier circuit, comprising: first amplifier means having an input and an output; second amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier means, and an output; first capacitance means for communicating with said input of said first amplifier means and with said output of said second amplifier means; third amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier means, and an output; and second capacitance means for communicating with said output of said third amplifier means and with said input of said second amplifier means, wherein at least one of said first capacitance means and said second capacitance means includes a continuous time processing capacitance.
 11. An amplifier circuit, comprising: first amplifier means having an input and an output; second amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier means, and an output; first capacitance means for communicating with said input of said first amplifier means and with said output of said second amplifier means; third amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier means, and an output; second capacitance means for communicating with said output of said third amplifier means and with said input of said second amplifier means; and resistance means for communicating with said output of said third amplifier means and with said input of said first amplifier means.
 12. A multistage amplifier circuit comprising N cascaded stages of an amplifier circuit, where N is an integer greater than 1 and wherein said amplifier circuit comprises: first amplifier means having an input and an output; second amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier means, and an output; first capacitance means for communicating with said input of said first amplifier means and with said output of said second amplifier means; third amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier means, and an output; and second capacitance means for communicating with said output of said third amplifier means and with said input of said second amplifier means.
 13. A multistage amplifier circuit comprising N cascaded stages of amplifier circuit of claim 11, where N is an integer greater than
 1. 14. A differential amplifier circuit comprising first and second amplifier circuits, wherein each of said first and second amplifier circuits comprise: first amplifier means having an input and an output; second amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier means, and an output; first capacitance means for communicating with said input of said first amplifier means and with said output of said second amplifier means; third amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier means, and an output; and second capacitance means for communicating with said output of said third amplifier means and with said input of said second amplifier means, wherein said input of said first amplifier means of said first amplifier circuit is out of phase with respect to said input of said first amplifier means of said second amplifier circuit.
 15. A differential amplifier circuit comprising a first amplifier circuit that includes the amplifier circuit of claim 11 and a second amplifier circuit that includes the amplifier circuit of claim 11, wherein said input of said first amplifier means of said first amplifier circuit is out of phase with respect to said input of said first amplifier means of said second amplifier circuit.
 16. A multistage differential amplifier circuit comprising M cascaded stages of said differential amplifier circuit of claim 14, where M is an integer greater than
 1. 17. A multistage differential amplifier circuit comprising M cascaded stages of said differential amplifier circuit of claim 15, where M is an integer greater than
 1. 18. An amplifier circuit, comprising: first amplifier means having an input and an output; second amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said first amplifier means, and an output; first capacitance means for communicating with said input of said first amplifier means and with said output of said second amplifier means; third amplifier means having an input that communicates with said output of said second amplifier means, and an output; and second capacitance means for communicating with said output of said third amplifier means and with said input of said second amplifier means, wherein at least one of said first amplifier means, said second amplifier means, and said third amplifier means is transimpedance amplifier means.
 19. The amplifier circuit of claim 1 wherein each of said first capacitance and said second capacitance include a continuous time processing capacitance.
 20. The amplifier circuit of claim 1 wherein said first capacitance continuously communicates with said input of said first amplifier and said second capacitance continuously communicates with said output of said third amplifier. 